英语词类简介

词类概况

英语最主要的四大词类，按其重要性从高到低顺序排列如下：

1. 名词 nouns

2. 动词 verbs

3. 形容词 adjectives

4. 副词 adverbs

其他的词类还包括：

1. 介词 prepositions

2. 代词 pronouns

3. 限定词 determiners

4. 连词 conjunctions

5. 感叹词

名词 noun

名词是最大的词类，与动词，形容词和副词并列为四大四类。名词主要是指人 people，动物 animals和事物 things。

名词有多种划分标准，其中按按照其词汇意义分为：

• 普通名词 common nouns : 大多数名词都是普通名词（如：boy, teacher，animals，book, idea等)。

• 专有名词 proper nouns: 专有名词是指特定的人，动物和事物，其首字母必须大写（如：Anna, China 等）。

还有一种分类法是将名词分为:

• 具体名词 concrete nouns 指可以通过感官看到或者感知的事物，是有形物体。

• 抽象名词 abstract nouns 指不能被感官感知的，非物质的无形的事物，如思想，感情，情况等等。

而我们的英语词典对名词采用的是第三种分类法，即按照名词的语法特征划分为：

• 可数名词 countable nouns 在英语中，表示事物的名词作为单独的项目被进行计数，这类名词被称为可数名词。可数名词具有单数 singular和复数 plural，它们可以与a/an一起使用，也可以与数字和限定词（these, a few 等）一起使用。例如：

She's got two sisters and a younger brother.

I'll take a few magazines with me for the flight.

• 不可数名词 uncountable nouns 在英语名词中，有些事物被看作一个整体或集合，它们无法被分开或计数，这类名词称为不可数名词。不可数名词一般没有单复数之分。例如：

表示想法和经验：advice, information, progress, news, luck, fun, work

表示材料和物质：water, rice, cement, gold, milk

表示天气：weather, thunder, lightning, rain, snow

团体名称或事物集合：urniture, equipment, rubbish, luggage

其他常用不可数名词：accommodation, baggage, homework, knowledge, money,

permission, research, traffic, travel

动词 verb

动词的重要性仅次于名词，与名词，形容词和副词并列为四大词类。动词指的是动作，事件和状态。动词按照其功能可划分为：

• 主动词 main verbs：主动词的含义与动作、事件和状态有关，在句中充当谓语，英语中大部分动词都是主动词。如：

We went home straight after the show.

Several different types of volcano exist.

• 系动词 linking verbs：有些主动词也被称为系动词，后面没有宾语，相反，系动词后面所跟的单词或短语（名词性短语 noun phrase，形容词性短语 adjective phrase，副词性短语 adverb phrase 和介词性短语 prepositional phrase）提供了关于主语的额外信息，说明了主语的性质，特征，品性或状态。

A face appeared at the window. It was Pauline. (介词性短语)

He 's a cousin of mine . (名词性短语 )

This coat feels good. (形容词 )

She remained outside while her sister went into the hospital. (介词 )

常见的系动词有：

be : 表示主语状态

keep, remain, rest, stay, stand：表示主语继续或保持一种状态或态度

seem, look, appear：表示看起来像

feel, smell, sound, taste：感官系动词

become, get, turn, grow, fall, run：表示主语变成什么样

• 助动词 auxiliary verbs: 助动词不能单独使用，必须与主动词配合使用，英语里有三个助动词：

be : 助动词be 表明动作持续或表示被动态

I'm waiting for Sally to come home. (动作持续)

Her car was stolen from outside her house. (被动态 )

do：助动词do 主要用于疑问句，否定句和强调句结构中

Does she live locally? (疑问句结构 )

They didn't know which house it was. (否定句结构 )

I do like your new laptop! (强调句结构 )

have：助动词have 表明动作完成

I've lost my memory stick. Have you seen it anywhere? (现在完成)

She had seen my car outside the shop. (过去完成)

• 情态动词 modal verbs: 情态动词在某些词典中被又可以称为情态助动词 modal auxiliary verbs， 用来表达可能，意愿和必要。常见的情态动词如下：

can, may, must, should, would, could, might, shall, will

我们的英语词典按照动词型式 verb patterns 对其进行划分，动词型式是指动词后面所搭配的内容，根据动词后面是否需要搭配对象，我们把动词分为及物动词 transitive verbs 和不及物动词 intransitive verbs.

常见的及物动词有：take, buy, ask, get, say, enjoy 等等，例如：

Did you enjoy the film?

I can't find her name on the list.

Suzanne took my car keys.

以上划线部分为动词搭配的对象，又被称为直接宾语。

常见的不及物动词有：arrive, come, happen, live, fall等等，例如：

Suddenly Joss appeared in the doorway.

形容词 adjective

形容词与名词，动词和副词并列为四大词类之一。它给我们提供了更多的关于人，动物和事物的信息。例如：helpful, useful, cruel 等等。

That's a big house.

She is tall.

形容词的作用是修饰或描述人，动物和事物的特征以及品质，常见含义如下：

• 从行为上描述人或事物，如：

She is a kind woman.

The waiter was very polite.

• 表示长时间或不会改变的特征，如：tall, old, good, red, heavy 等等。

That is an old house.

The Olympic stadium is big.

• 表示可改变的状态和条件，如：ill, dry, full, lonely, angry 等等。

It's so cold outside.

Are you hungry?

• 把人和事物分为类型，如：organic（vegatables), wild (animals) 等等。

I don't like modern paintings.

Rita looked upset – do you know what happened?

副词 adverb

副词与名词，动词和形容词并列为四大词类之一。我们使用副词来增加关于动词、形容词、另一个副词、一个分句或整个句子的更多信息。

Can you move it carefully?

She swims really well.

副词有许多不同的含义以及功能，它们主要分为：

• 时间副词： today, recently, lately 等等。

I never get up early at the weekends.

• 方式副词：loudly, quitely, quickly, badly 等等

Walk across the road carefully!

• 地点副词：nearby, upstairs, there, here 等等

When we got there, the tickets had sold out.

• 程度副词：enough, terribly, quite, highly, very 等等

It's rather cold, isn't it?

• 频率副词：usually, often, frequently, never, rarely 等等

I'm always losing my keys.

• 焦点副词：just, generally, especially, only, simply 等等

I just wanted to ask you what you thought.

• 连接副词：then, consequently, however 等等

The sun will be shining in France. However_, heavy rain is expected in Spain.

介词 preposition

我们常用介词来表示两个或多个人，地点和事物之间的空间，时间或逻辑关系。如：

I'll meet you in the cafe opposite the cinema.

It was difficult to sleep during the flight.

Give that to me.

英语有超过100个介词，常用介词包括：at, in, on, for, behind 等等

代词 pronoun

代词主要指代名词或名词性短语，这样可以避免不必要的重复。代词分为几下几类：

• 人称代词 personal pronouns: I/me, you, we/us, she/her, it, they/them

• 物主代词 possessive pronouns：mine, ours, hers

• 反身代词 reflexive pronouns: ourselves, myself, himself

• 疑问代词 interrogative pronouns: who, whose, which, what

• 指示代词 demonstrative pronouns：this, that, these, those

• 不定代词 indefinite pronouns：-body, -one, -thing, one, you, they

• 相互代词 reciprocal pronouns: each other/each other's, one another/one another's

• 关系代词 relative pronouns：who, whom, whose, which, that

限定词 determiner

限定词是指the, my, this, some, twenty, each, any这些位于名词前的词，限定词分为以下几类：

• 冠词 articles: a/an, the

• 指示限定词 demonstratives: this, that, these, those

• 物主限定词 possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, x's (possessive 's)

• 量词 quantifiers: (a) few, fewer, (a) little, many, much, more, most, some, any 等等

• 数词 numbers: one, two, three 等等

限定词的作用：

1. 指称作用，即向我们展示代名词指向的对象或谈论的内容，冠词，指示限定词和物主限定词常用于指称。

A: Where is the newspaper?

B: It's on the sofa. (用the 表明名词所指的事物是谈话双方已知的或熟悉的）

Do you want this bag or are you going to put it in that box? (This 表示事物离说话者 比较近，而that表示离得较远）

Charles is looking for his dictionary. Have you got it? (His 表明名词所指的事物属于Charles这个人）

1. 量化作用，即显示某物的数量

Five people were arrested during an anti-war demonstration in London.

There are some letters here for you. (some 并不指具体数量，而是指少量）

连词 conjunction

连词连接一个单词，短语，从句与另一个单词，短语和从句。常见的连词有：and, if, but, when, because等等。连词分为以下几类：

• 并列连词 coordinating conjunctions: 并列连词连接单词，短语和分句。常见的并列连词有：and, but，or

• 从属连词 subordinating conjunctions: 从属连词连接从句和整个句子。当一个分句跟在从属连词后面时，它就成为一个从句，且需要一个主句来组成完整的句子结构。常见的从属连词有：after, before, as, if, since, that, when 等等。

感叹词 interjection

感叹词多为惊叹性词语（如wow! gosh! oh!)，表现人们对事件或情境的反应，如惊讶，震惊，高兴和厌恶。

You're going to the Maldives. That’s a long way, wow. (表示惊讶和惊叹）

Ugh, sorry, I can't eat tomatoes. (表示厌恶）

词类缩写参照表

adj. adjective 形容词

adv. adverb 副词

conj. conjunction 连词

• cconj. coordinating conjunction 并列连词

• sconj. subordinating conjunction 从属连词

det. determiner 限定词

• art. article 冠词

• det.poss. possessive determiner 物主限定词

• det.dem. demonstrative determiner 指示限定词

• det.quant. quantifier 量词

• det.num. number 数词

n. noun 名词

• n.C. countable noun 可数名词

• n.U. uncountable noun 不可数名词

pron. pronoun 代词

• pron.poss. possessive pronoun 物主代词

• pron.refl. reflexive pronoun 反身代词

• pron.dem. demonstrative pronoun 指示代词

• pron.rel. relative pronoun 关系代词

• pron.recip. reciprocal pronoun 相互代词

• pron.int. indefinite pronoun 不定代词

• pron.pers. personal pronoun 人称代词

• pron.interrog. interrogative pronoun 疑问代词

prep. preposition 介词

v. verb 动词

• v.vt. transitive verb 及物动词

• v.vi. intransitive verb 不及物动词

• v.aux. auxiliary verb 助动词

• v.link. linking verb 系动词

• v.modal. modal verb 情态动词

int. interjection 感叹词